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This study is the first to explore the benefits of utilising STORES as a primary storage medium to support 100% renewable electricity futures in Southeast Asia. STORES can facilitate high penetration of variable solar and wind energy in electricity systems through energy time shifting and load levelling.
Within all the scenarios, the duration of storage is in the range of 0–38 h, which means hours or days of short-term energy storage are required in Southeast Asia rather than weeks or months of long-term, seasonal energy storage.
Rapid increases in electricity consumption in Southeast Asia caused by rising living standards and population raise concerns about energy security, affordability and environmental sustainability. In this study, the role of short-term off-river energy storage (STORES) in supporting 100% renewable electricity in Southeast Asia is investigated.
Consequently, the integration of wind energy can substantially reduce the reliance on energy storage to stabilise the electricity systems when solar energy is not sufficient. However, compared with solar energy, the seasonal variability in wind energy in Southeast Asia is large.
Demonstrates the future perspective of implementing renewable energy sources, electrical energy storage systems, and microgrid systems regarding high storage capability, smart-grid atmosphere, and techno-economic deployment.
In addition, many investigations are highlighted to ensure a better future direction, which can be considered for further research work. Microgrids (MGs) have emerged as a viable solution for consumers consisting of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and local loads within a smaller zone that can operate either in an autonomous or grid tide mode.
The control structures for MG can be broadly classified into four types, namely, (1) centralized, (2) decentralized, (3) distributed, and (4) hierarchical. Fig. 10 depicts the graphical representation of the control structures of MG. Fig. 10. Control structures of microgrid .
Three DGs (Fuel Cell (FC), Photovoltaic (PV), Diesel Generator) and two ESSs (hybrid) and a transfer switch (at PCC) are present in the configuration. The MG could operate either in an islanded or grid-connected mode. Fig. 2. Schematic structure of microgrid. 2.1. Microgrid architecture