Thermal energy storage (TES) refers to heat that is stored for later use—either to generate electricity on demand or for use in industrial processes. Concentrating solar-thermal power (CSP) plants.
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Electricity can be stored directly for a short time in capacitors, somewhat longer electrochemically in , and much longer chemically (e.g. hydrogen), mechanically (e.g. pumped hydropower) or as heat. The first pumped hydroelectricity was constructed at the end of the 19th century around in Italy, Austria, and Switzerland. The technique rapidly expanded during the 196.
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