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Solar energy, especially through photovoltaic systems, is a widespread and eco-friendly renewable source. Integrating life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) optimizes economic, environmental, and performance aspects for a sustainable approach. Despite growing interest, literature lacks a comprehensive review on LCCA implementation in photovoltaic systems.
Cost–benefit has always been regarded as one of the vital factors for motivating PV-BESS integrated energy systems investment. Therefore, given the integrity of the project lifetime, an optimization model for evaluating sizing, operation simulation, and cost–benefit into the PV-BESS integrated energy systems is proposed.
The cost–benefit analysis reveals the cost superiority of PV-BESS investment compared with the pure utility grid supply. In addition, the operation simulation of the PV-BESS integrated energy system is carried out showing that how the energy arbitrage is realized.
From the investors’ point of view, the cost–benefit analysis for the PV-BESS project is accomplished in consideration of the whole project lifecycle, proving the cost superiority of PV and BESS investment. At last, sensitivity analysis of PV and BESS optimal allocation is conducted to ideally balance the PV and BESS sizes for investment.
The solar energy storage is equivalent to a backup UPS inverter. The advantage of this model is that the system can be equipped with fewer solar panels, and the initial investment is low. The disadvantage is that the photovoltaic energy waste is large, and it may not be used in a lot of time.
As the costs of fossil fuels continue to rise, the ability to store solar energy through advanced energy storage systems allows for consistent energy supply, ensuring that demand is met without reliance on environmentally harmful sources.
These systems are essential for optimizing energy utilization and effectively managing electrical loads. Battery storage technologies, including lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries, are extensively utilized in solar energy systems to store excess energy for later use.
One major advantage of using solar energy is its cost: since sunlight is free for everyone, the only expenses needed for solar energy are when acquiring solar technologies such as solar panels. This can lead to a significant reduction in the cost of electricity for residential and industrial areas.